Turkey and Egypt, historically divided by ideological differences, are moving toward stronger cooperation in response to shared regional crises. Diplomatic efforts between Ankara and Cairo have intensified, driven by mutual concerns over instability in Libya, tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean, and economic opportunities. These developments signal a pragmatic shift in their foreign policies as both nations seek greater stability and economic growth.
Diplomatic Reengagement After Years of Tension
Relations between Turkey and Egypt have been strained since 2013, when Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi led the ousting of the Muslim Brotherhood-backed leader Mohamed Morsi. Turkey, under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, was a strong supporter of Morsi and his Islamist government, creating a deep rift between the two nations. For nearly a decade, diplomatic ties remained limited, with both countries supporting opposing factions in regional conflicts.
However, a turning point came in 2021 when informal talks began, leading to a gradual thaw in relations. This culminated in Turkish President Erdoğan’s visit to Cairo in February 2024, followed by President Sisi’s historic trip to Turkey in September 2024. These visits marked the first high-level engagements in over a decade, signaling a significant shift in regional diplomacy.
Shared Concerns in Libya and the Eastern Mediterranean
One of the primary drivers of Turkey and Egypt’s renewed cooperation is the ongoing conflict in Libya. Turkey has historically backed the Tripoli-based Government of National Unity, while Egypt has supported the eastern-based Libyan National Army. Despite their past rivalries, both countries now recognize the need for a stable Libya to prevent further regional instability and migration crises. Talks have begun on finding common ground in facilitating a political solution to Libya’s divided government.
In the Eastern Mediterranean, disputes over maritime boundaries and energy resources have been a source of tension between Ankara and Cairo. Turkey has been engaged in conflicts with Greece and Cyprus over natural gas exploration rights, while Egypt has strengthened its alliances with Greece and Israel. However, with both nations seeking to become regional energy hubs, there is growing interest in cooperation rather than confrontation. Negotiations on maritime agreements and shared energy projects are now under discussion.
Economic Cooperation and Trade Expansion
Beyond security concerns, economic interests are a major factor in the Turkey-Egypt rapprochement. Both countries see significant opportunities for trade expansion and investment. Bilateral trade between Turkey and Egypt currently stands at approximately $10 billion, with plans to increase it to $15 billion in the coming years. Agreements covering key sectors such as defense, energy, tourism, healthcare, and technology are in development.
Energy collaboration is particularly noteworthy, as Egypt seeks to expand its liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports, while Turkey aims to reduce its dependence on Russian energy. The two nations are exploring joint projects in renewable energy and LNG transportation, which could enhance regional energy security and economic growth.
Setting Aside Ideological Differences for Pragmatism
While deep ideological divisions remain, both Turkey and Egypt appear willing to set aside past grievances in favor of mutual interests. Egypt remains firmly anti-Islamist, while Turkey under Erdoğan still harbors sympathies for the Muslim Brotherhood. However, the realities of regional geopolitics, economic pressures, and security concerns are pushing both governments toward a more pragmatic approach.
As regional crises continue to evolve, the cooperation between Turkey and Egypt will play a crucial role in shaping the future stability of the Middle East and North Africa. While full normalization of ties may take time, the recent diplomatic engagements and economic partnerships suggest a new chapter in their complex relationship.
