Health officials are closely monitoring an outbreak of the deadly Marburg virus in Rwanda, raising concerns about potential international spread. Known colloquially as the “bleeding eye virus,” Marburg causes severe viral hemorrhagic fever with a fatality rate ranging from 20% to 90%, according to the CDC. The U.S. State Department issued a travel advisory on November 22, urging travelers to exercise increased caution when visiting Rwanda.
The outbreak was first identified in September, and as of November 29, Rwanda has reported 66 cases and 15 deaths. Most of those infected are healthcare workers. Approximately 75% of patients have recovered, but the virus remains a serious threat due to its high mortality rate and lack of vaccines or specific treatments.
Marburg virus is transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids, surfaces, or the natural host, the Egyptian rousette bat. Initial symptoms mimic the flu, including fever, diarrhea, and vomiting, but severe cases can lead to jaundice, liver failure, and massive hemorrhaging. Death typically occurs within eight to nine days of symptom onset in fatal cases, often due to severe blood loss.
The CDC considers the risk of Marburg infection in the United States to be low, and there are no confirmed cases in the country. Enhanced health screenings are in place for travelers entering and exiting Rwanda.
Efforts to control the outbreak hinge on supportive care, including hydration and symptom management, while researchers work on experimental vaccines. For an outbreak to be officially declared over, no new cases must occur for 42 days after the last recovered patient tests negative. Rwanda’s outbreak may be declared contained by December 22, 2024, if no further cases are reported.